How To Create Better Looking Process Maps

	Bookmark This Page Email This Page Format for Printing Submit an Article Read More Articles
	Related Tools & Articles An Overview of Business Process Modeling This School District Brings Hiring Process under Control with BPM Why Business Process Management Fails
	Discussion Forum "Have you completed a process map of each variation of the existing process? Where are the gaps? Are there SOPs to help address these gaps?..." Contribute to this Discussion

By Hussain Thameezdeen Abubakker

Process mapping is one of the basic quality or process improvement tools used in business process management (BPM). It has acquired more importance in recent times, given the complexities of processes and the need to capture and visualize knowledge that resides with the people who perform the task.

Often process mapping is looked at as an exercise in drawing some boxes and arrows and then filling up the boxes with a few words. This commonly results in process maps that run into many pages, making them difficult to read and understand and taking too much time to modify. Some basic rules can be applied to creating process maps that make them easier to understand and use.

Since the aim here is to show how to make a process map look better (not how to create one), I don't explain in much detail the standard notations to be used for creating a process map or the different ways in which a process map can be used. However, I do indicate a few standard notations for context.

Also, I assume that PowerPoint is being used for process mapping. However, most of the tips discussed could easily be translated to other software such as Visio. The reader needs only to understand the spirit of these recommendations.

Basic Symbols You Can Use

Most of the standards use the symbols in Figure 1 to create a process map. The start and end symbols indicate the start and end points in the map. Rectangular boxes are used to indicate process steps and diamonds are used for decisions. Decisions usually have two branches -- one for yes and another for no, indicated by Y and N, respectively. Circles with a letter or letters are used as page connectors. For example, if a process spills over onto another page, then a page connector is connected to the last process step in the first page and the first process step in the next page with the same letter. Databases and physical documents are indicated as shown.

Figure 1. Symbols to be used.

Selecting Better Connecting Arrows

The first step in drawing a process map is to select a connecting arrow to connect the boxes (process steps) and diamonds (decision boxes). For connecting boxes, use elbow arrow connectors (Figure 2). These can be found in the AutoShapes tab in the drawing toolbar at the bottom of the PowerPoint application. If the drawing toolbar isn't visible, you can make it visible by selecting View > Toolbars > Drawing. An inefficient way to connect the boxes and one of the most common mistakes is to use simple arrows available in the same drawing toolbar. The advantage of using an elbow arrow connector over a simple arrow is that the simple arrows don't redraw themselves as the boxes are moved around, whereas elbow arrow connectors do.

Figure 2. Select elbow arrow connectors (Left), not simple arrows (Right).

Drawing Better Text Boxes

The boxes are drawn using the text box tool (Figure 3). The most common pitfall in drawing boxes is to pick up a rectangle and insert a text box without a border. It's better to use the text box with a border or rectangle. You can achieve good results by choosing Arial as the font and 10 point as the font size. Also, ensure that word wrapping is on. (You'll find that in the Format menu > Text Box > Text Box tab > Word wrap text in AutoShape.). All four internal margin settings should be set to zero on the same tab. These settings are applicable for diamonds (decision boxes) as well.

Figure 3. Draw boxes with the text box tool (Left), not the rectangle tool (Right). graphic here

Use crisp language, especially on diamonds, which usually take more space than text boxes. For example: "Is customer caught in the sanctions list?" can be worded as "Customer in sanctions list?" Move additional lines of text that describe the process step in more detail to a footnote. This will help reduce the number of letters within the text box or diamond, making it easier to reduce its size. The objective is to reduce the percentage of the paper area that is printed. The smaller the print impression (within reason!), the more readable the page.

Improving the Layout of the Page

Try to keep the text box size the same across the slide and align all of them (through imaginary lanes both horizontal and vertical). To achieve this, uncheck the box on Format > Text Box > Text Box tab > Resize AutoShape to fit text. This will enable increasing or decreasing the size of the text box irrespective of the text inside. Center items within the "swim lanes."

Figure 4. Swim lanes.

A swim lane is usually the banded area that runs horizontally across a process map (Figure 4). It's used to denote the area of responsibility for a particular role/department. For instance, all the process steps within a swim lane are owned and performed by that particular role or department.

Try to keep closer those swim lanes that have the greatest number of the interactions with each other. Avoid using names of individuals on process maps. People may come and go; roles remain longer. Hence, always use roles or the names of the departments that perform the process step rather than the name of a person.

Try to place the text boxes in such a way that the length of the connectors is minimized. In other words, move the boxes as close to each other as possible. Also ensure that the space between boxes is as uniform as possible (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Poor layout of boxes (Left) and a better layout (Right).

Care Required with Use of Connectors

Ensure that the connectors are actually connected with the text boxes or diamonds. This can be verified by clicking on the connector itself. If the end of a connector is colored red, it means that the end is connected. If it's colored green, that's an indication that the end isn't connected but is hanging loose. Ensuring that the connection is made is an important aspect of using a connector.

Never crisscross connectors, as this will make the process map much less readable. Even if using Visio, which gives a provision to add a bend-over feature to facilitate crisscrossing connectors, avoid them as much as possible. Crisscrossing makes the process map look like a bowl of spaghetti (Figure 6). Split the process map into two pages if necessary. A simplified version of the process map in Figure 6 is illustrated in Figures 7 and 8.

Figure 6. Request for and issuance of airline ticket (a process map that looks like a plate of spaghetti).

Figure 7. A simplified flow (Part 1): request for an airline ticket.

Figure 8. A simplified flow (Part 2): issuance of an airline ticket.

Try to reduce the number of bends (elbows) on connectors. If you need to make very small movements to straighten a connector line, first select the text box that needs to be moved and then press the Ctrl key and hold it. Now use the arrow keys to move the text box. This will help move the text box a smaller distance than the normal movement using arrow keys.

Ensure that the direction of the connectors is always to the right, down or up. Avoid connectors that move backward or to the left.

Interchange the direction of Y or N on decision boxes to choose a best route, to avoid crisscrossing connectors and to reduce the length of the connectors.

Numbering Conventions Recommended

It often helps to number the process maps and process steps. A good system to use is this
numbering convention:

Level 1: Process 1.0, Process 2.0, Process 3.0, etc.
Level 2: Sub-process 1.1, Sub-process 1.2... Sub-process 2.1, Sub-process 2.2, Sub-process 2.3,... Sub-process 3.1, Sub-process 3.2, etc.
Level 3: Sub-process 1.1.1, Sub-process 1.1.2, Sub-process 1.1.3... Sub-process 2.1.1, Sub-process 2.1.2, etc.
And so on...

Tips/Techniques for Advanced Users

One idea to better use space is to use the zigzag movement. This tip is somewhat contrary to the idea of reducing the amount of printing on a page. However, the idea is to reduce the number of pages or otherwise simplify the maps when the number of process steps are many and spill over to numerous pages. In such cases, the use of the zigzag layout becomes a real option (Figure 9).

Figure 9. The zigzag layout can reduce the number of pages you need to print out.

Another idea is to try to have all connectors joining a text box at the same point. This will help reduce the total length of connectors on a page.

Always assume that the X axis depicts time. This will help arrange process steps that happen one after the other in time. Ensure that the text boxes of process steps done one after the other in time aren't aligned together vertically but placed adjacent to one another.

Conclusion: A Final, Over-Arching Tip

These guidelines, developed through practical experience, should help achieve better mapping results. A final, over-arching tip: Be willing to start from scratch and redraw the whole process map in order to make it easier to serve its purpose.

About the Author: